Sophia Smith Galer is the author of How to Kill a Language: Power Resistance, and the Race to Save Our Words, which focuses on 10 of the thousands of languages around the world that are currently threatened with various forms of linguicide. Find out more about the available strategies for preservation, why linguistic diversity remains a vital and valuable resource, and why it matters to the average person, no matter which language they speak.
The Writer's Life
Sophia Smith Galer: Learning from Every Language
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| photo: Jordan Rose |
Sophia Smith Galer, a U.K. journalist, is the author of How to Kill a Language: Power Resistance, and the Race to Save Our Words (Crown; reviewed in this issue), which tells the stories of 10 languages around the world--Italian, Śḥerɛt, Ukrainian, Ladino, Karuk, Kurdish, Kichwa, Hebrew, Dagbani, and her grandmother's dialët--that have all been threatened with a variety of language death, or linguicide. As Smith Galer notes in her introduction, "many of the world's vulnerable languages are in their final generation of speakers, lingering for a little while longer before a policy, a natural disaster, or an autocrat sweeps them away."
How to Kill a Language seems to have been largely inspired by your discovery that your grandmother (nonna) was actually trilingual, speaking English, Italian, and her native local dialect from the Piacenza province of Italy. How did your background as a grandchild of immigrants influence your research?
It's what set off the whole journey for me. I was in my late 20s, my nonna was approaching her late 90s, becoming very ill, very frail. It was during this quest to discover the Italian landscape of my childhood that I began to study Italian, and discovered that nonna actually spoke another language--she called it dialët, she thought it was a regional dialect of Italian--but it's different enough from Italian that it is truly its own language.
How to Kill a Language covers a wide variety of languages in Africa, South America, North America, the Middle East. While studying so many different types of languages, did any particular words or phrases stand out to you?
I found it fascinating that in Karuk, an Indigenous language of California, they didn't have a word for "acorn." The local vocabulary is full of so many words for each individual variety of acorn and each part of an acorn, because acorn meat is a big part of their traditions. They had to borrow the word acorn from English to be able to refer to acorns as a group.
You share about people preserving their languages in some truly remarkable ways. Like in Ecuador, where Kichwa speakers promote the speaking of Kichwa to babies in utero, so that the language's patterns are familiar at birth. Or in Ghana, where activists are creating Wikipedia pages in Dagbani, to give the language a digital footprint. Are there any more unusual methods that didn't make it into the book?
If I ever got to do a sequel, I'd love to visit a te reo Māori Kōhanga Reo (Māori language nest)--a preschool that functions as full language immersion. They were created by te reo Māori revivalists in the 1980s, and very young children are immersed in preschools with elders who are fluent in the language, and interact with them only in Māori. I'd love to spend some time observing one and seeing language as it is lived and spoken.
In many countries there seems to be a push to promote one language as a form of unity. Can you briefly explain why language diversity is so important, and why linguicide for the sake of "unity" should be avoided?
Even if you isolate the fact that multilingualism is good for our individual brains, it brings a lot of cognitive and social benefits to a community when they build multilingualism.
Linguists think states have one of three attitudes towards languages: Do they see languages as resources? As rights? Or as a problem to solve? "One nation, one language" people see languages as a problem to solve. Other countries, like Ecuador, see languages as a right belonging to the people, a right which brings immense benefits. Rather than disturbing unity, sharing different languages is the glue that helps communities stick together during the good and bad times.
Linguicide is on the rise, but many people are resisting, such as Ukrainians fighting back against the Russification of their country. How can readers apply such resistance lessons? You mention learning a second language, but are there other ways for the average reader to help prevent linguicide?
I think if you don't, within your own family, have a connection to a threatened language, the best thing you can do is have curiosity and appreciation for the languages around you. Even if they're languages that no one gave much value to, or that have been overlooked at your school or your work, these are the languages that bind families together. Some of them have been used to pass down oral traditions for hundreds of years, and can teach us new things about the world around us. Language diversity, cultural diversity, biodiversity are all the things that make this planet interesting.
As you've been doing publicity for your book, what is a question you have not been asked, or that you wish more people would ask?
Something I'd like to talk about is a challenge I had writing the book and how I tried to overcome it. I wanted to travel around the world and visit where languages were spoken. In fact, the only languages I didn't physically visit their locations were for security reasons; otherwise, I would have traveled to them all. But the hard part is making it not sound like "I'm in a random place here, oh now I'm in a random place there!" I wanted to connect all the languages, showing what they have in common.
And as a writer in the U.K., I deliberately wanted to challenge readers, by not using U.K. languages like Welsh or Manx. The number one thing people ask me when they find out I'm writing a language book is, "Do you cover ____?" The answer is, I'm only covering 10 out of 7000 languages, so no, I might not have gotten to the one that you wanted me to cover. But the point of the book is not "is my language in there" but "I can learn something from every language."
What's next for you? More language research? Writing a new book?
I hope to write many more books about language. For the meantime, I've said what I've had to say about linguicide. I hope there may be documentaries and ongoing journalism about linguicide, but there won't be another book.
But I hope to have a chance to study and write about languages I've not written about yet. Hopefully I get to write a book where I don't have to pry apart any personal trauma, like discussing the death of my nonna in this book. Some of the most common feedback I've gotten from people who have read it is that it made them cry. I look forward to writing about joy in addition to pain and loss. --Jessica Howard, former bookseller, freelance book reviewer